宇宙的尺度

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Megacamelus
Megacamelus was among the largest land mammals and indeed the ship of the deserts.It is the largest species of camelid to roam the Earth. Megacamelus weighed upto 3.7 tonnes.

Fossils have been found in North America.


Deinotherium Indicum
Deinotherium Indicum was a mid sized Deinothere which lived in Asia.

Fossils have been found in Asia (India and Pakistan.)

(This reconstruction is speculative.)


Gomphotherium Steinheimense
Gomphotheres differed from Elephants in their tooth structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the molar teeth. Most of them had four tusks.The early Gomphotheres, such as Phiomia, had elongated upper and lower jaws, with relatively short tusks.

Gomphotherium Steinheimense showed a trend toward shortening the mandible.It had four tusks, two on the upper jaw and two on the elongated lower jaw. The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel and were probably used for digging up food from mud. Gomphotherium Steinheimense weighed about 7 tonnes.

Fossils of G. Steinheimense have been found in Germany.


補充內容 (2018-8-22 10:16):
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弱肉求生录：大型猎物

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Dzungariotherium Tienshanense
Dzungariotherium Tienshanense is one of the largest indricotheres and among the largest land mammals to have existed.

Fossils have been found in China.


Machairodus Giganteus
Machairodus Giganteus, the largest known species known within the genus Machairodus, was a large saber-toothed cat with elongated upper canines and cheek teeth efficiently adapted for slicing meat.The skull of Machairodus was noticeably narrow compared with the skulls of modern pantherine big cats, and the orbits were relatively small. It's teeth were rooted to its mouth and were not too delicate, unlike most saber-toothed cats of the time, which had extremely long canines which hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Machairodus, however, were able to more easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long and effective for hunting.

M. giganteus could weigh as much as 350 kg or more. Perhaps it is the second largest felid next to Smilodon Populator.


Barbourofelis Fricki
Barbourofelis fricki is a lion-sized predator but very muscular.Species in this genus had the longest canines of all the barbourofelids, which were also flattened, indicating a high degree of specialization to its diet.Large individuals of B. fricki could have stood about 3 feet at the shoulders.Barbourofelis fricki had the longest canines of all the nimravids. They had very prominent flanges on the lower jaws and an unusually shaped skull. The Barbourofelids were probably very muscular, resembling a lion-like bear.

Fossils have been found in North America.



補充內容 (2018-8-22 10:20):
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灰狼 vs 美洲野牛

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Deinotherium Proavum
Deinotherium Proavum is one of the largest Deinotheres and among the largest land mammals.It stood close to 12 feet tall and weighed about 10 tonnes.


Javan Rhinoceros
The Javan rhinoceros or Sunda Rhinoceros or the lesser one-horned rhinoceros is a very rare member of the Rhino family.It is one of the five extant rhinoceroses. It belongs to the same genus as the Indian rhinoceros, and has similar mosaicked, armour-like skin but at 4.6–5.6 feet in height and weighing 900 – 1,400 kg, it is smaller. Its horn is usually less than 25 cm (9.8 in), smaller than those of the other rhino species. Only adult males have horns, females lack them altogether.


Extinct Park - Elasmotherium
The park rangers have introduced Elasmotherium into the white rhinoceros fence.Actually they forgot there was white rhinoceros in that fence.So far there is no problem but however they will move the White rhinoceros immediately.
The White rhinoceros seems to be excited seeing it's giant extinct cousin and at the same time being very nervous because the Elasmotherium is a monstrous rhino.Then again just in the next fence,there is the giant ancient relative of the Rhinos,now the Elasmotherium might get uncomfortable seeing that ? Nature is crazy.

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Size comparison of dinosaurs _ Ep_5 Marine reptiles

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Agriotherium
Agriotherium was one of the largest short-faced bears along with Arctodus simus.It had dog-like crushing teeth and it's primary diet was carnivorous and secondary was omnivorous possibly classifying this animal as mesocarnivore.It weighed upto 652 kg (1,400 lbs).Agriotherium had the strongest bite-force of any mammalian land-predator.


Stegodon Zdanskyi
Stegodon Zdanskyi is among the largest Proboscideans. It weighed about 13 tonnes. Built like a tank !


Cuvieronius
Cuvieronius resembled modern elephants with spiral-shaped tusks. It weighed about 3.5 tonnes.


補充內容 (2018-8-27 05:29):
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BBC_ Saber Tooth Cat Prey - Ice Age Death Trap

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Palaeoloxodon Antiquus
Palaeoloxodon Antiquus or the straight-tusked elephant is closely related to the Asian elephant but it's size is a different story. It could stand about 13 - 14 feet tall and weighing in the neighborhood of whooping 11 - 15 tonnes. It is one of the largest Elephant species to have existed.


Chilotherium
Chilotherium is an extinct genus of rhinoceros. It was a large, robust animal reaching 5 - 6 feet in height and a weight of 1 - 2.5 tonnes, depending on the species. They are known for their large, protruding lower canine teeth.


Anancus
Anancus resembled a modern Elephant.It had two tusks, whereas most other gomphotheres had four. Anancus stood about 10 feet tall, with a weight of 5 tonnes.It is not much bigger compared to other giant Proboscideans but at least it had a pair of long tusks measuring upto 13 feet !


補充內容 (2018-8-30 05:27):
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熊的八個種類，史前最大的熊

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Teleoceras
Teleoceras had much shorter legs than modern rhinos, and a barrel chest, making its build more like that of a hippopotamus than a modern rhino. Like the hippo, it was probably also semi-aquatic. It had a single small nasal horn. Even though teleoceras seemed shorter,it was a quite heavy animal, reaching 1.81 tonnes in weight.


Diceratherium
The Diceratheres were the first rhinos to have clearly formed horns though their horns are low, paired bony knobs only present in males while in contrast to today's two-horned rhinos were sitting in pairs on the nose.There were several small to medium sized species in them.


Aceratherium
The hornless Aceratherium is one of the earliest member of the Rhinoceros family.

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Size comparison of dinosaurs _ Ep_6 Feathered raptors

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Cave Bear
he Cave bear had a heavily built body with a large head, domed skull and the jaws bore distinctive teeth, which suggests that the animal was largely vegetarian.Male cave bears weighed on average from 400–500 kilograms(880–1102 pounds).


Cave lion
The European or Eurasian cave lion is an extinct subspecies of lion which is around 8%-10% bigger than modern African lion and slightly smaller than the American lion.The Cave lion could weigh upto 300 kg.


Arctodus Simus
Arctodus Simus is one of the largest carnivorous mammal and one of the largest bears that ever lived.It could stand about 5- 5.6 feet tall at the shoulders and weighing about 1200 lbs to 1500 lbs.



補充內容 (2018-8-30 10:11):
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自然传奇 史前公园 1

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Deinotherium Thraceiensis
Deinotherium Thraceiensis is one of the biggest Deinotheres and among the largest Proboscideans. It weighs about 13.2 tonnes.


Sinotherium lagrelii
Sinotherium was ancestral to Elasmotherium.It is one of the largest rhinoceros, weighs about 4 tonnes.


Sumatran Rhinoceros
The Sumatran rhinoceros, also known as hairy rhinoceros or Asian two-horned rhinoceros is a rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant rhinoceroses. Sometimes it is called as the pygmy rhinoceros,although it is still a large mammal. This rhino stands about 3.67–4.76 ft high at the shoulder, and weighs 500 kg to 1,000 kg.


補充內容 (2018-8-30 06:23):
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《自然密码》史前动物猛龙奇兽[高清版]

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South African Mammoth
The South African Mammoth is the oldest representative of the genus Mammuthus. They already presented some of the unique characteristics of mammoths like the spirally, twisting tusks. Perhaps it gave rise to the southern mammoth which might have given rise to the steppe Mammoth which could have given rise to columbian mammoth and finally woolly mammoth.The South African Mammoth is one of the largest mammoths which stood about was 3.68 metres (12.1 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 9 tonnes.

Fossils have been found in East Africa and South Africa.


Palaeoloxodon Namadicus
alaeoloxodon Namadicus or the Asian straight-tusked elephant is a colossal elephant which has a similar weight of some dinosaurs and more than 3 times heavier than the extant African Elephant. Palaeoloxodon namadicus could stand tall as much as a giraffe and weighed upto 22 tonnes.This is the largest land mammal ever lived, beating the previous record holder, the hornless rhino paraceratherium which was thought to be the largest land mammal for many years.


Archaeopotamus
Archaeopotamus is one of the oldest known Hippo.It is about the size of the extant Hippopotamus.

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Extinct whales size comparison _ extinct cetaceans

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Indian Rhinoceros
A two tonne tank, the Indian Rhinoceros or the greater one-horned rhinoceros is the second largest Rhinoceros alive today behind the White Rhinoceros.
It is also the second largest land mammal native to Asia,second in size only to the Asian Elephant.
Indian Rhinos stands about 5.75 - 6.5 feet tall at the shoulders and weighs about 1.8 - 2.5 tonnes. They have heavy skull and their 4 cm brownish-grey thick skin with folds, giving the animal an Armour-plated look.


White Rhinoceros
White Rhinoceros is the second largest type of land animal behind the Elephants and is the largest Rhinoceros alive today. White Rhinos stands about 5 - 6.6 feet at shoulders and weighing 1.8 - 2.5 tonnes.


Hexaprotodon Sivalensis
The name Hexaprotodon means "six front teeth". There were various species in them.The extant pygmy hippopotamus is also sometimes classified as Hexaprotodon liberiensis.
Hexaprotodon Sivalensis had six pairs of incisors except the canines.

That is some scary jaw...


補充內容 (2018-8-29 07:24):
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Comparison of Featured creatures in Walking with Dinosaurs (1999)

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Black Rhinoceros
Black Rhinoceros is the third largest Rhinoceros alive today.It is one of the two African species of Rhinoceros,the other being the bigger White Rhinoceros.Black Rhinoceros stands about 4.5 -5.5 ft tall at the shoulder and weighing 800 to 1,400 kg.


Pygmy Hippopotamus
The pygmy hippopotamus is one of the two species of hippopotamus alive today.The other being the bigger Hippopotamus Amphibius.
Pygmy hippos stand about 2.5–3.28 feet tall and and weighing 180–275 kg.


Elasmotherium Sibiricum
It is among the largest species of the rhinos,weighing about 3.6–4.5 tonnes.This Beast may have inspired the Unicorn legend.


補充內容 (2018-8-29 11:26):
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Smilodon & Thylacosmilus

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Hippopotamus Amphibius
The common hippopotamus is the third-largest type of land mammal after the Elephant and Rhinoceros.It weighs about 1.5 tonnes,some large individuals could weigh upto 3 tonnes.A hippo's mouth can open to 180 degrees,having the powerful jaws and canines that can cut a crocodile in half.

It is a very unpredictable animal. Surprisingly hippopotamus killed more people in Africa than Lions and Crocodiles !

(Dr. Brady Barr measured the bite force of an adult female hippo at 8,100 newtons (1,800 lbf); Barr also attempted to measure the bite pressure of an adult male hippo, but had to abandon the attempt due to the male's aggressiveness.)

If the extant hippopotamus is that much aggressive then it's giant extinct relatives could be more aggressive and could have possessed a powerful bite force.


Hippopotamus Antiquus
Hippopotamus Antiquus, also called as the European Hippopotamus is one of the largest Hippopotamus that ever lived,weighing 3 tonnes. It is similar in size to Hippopotamus Gorgops.


Gomphotherium
Gomphotherium looked somewhat like modern Elephants but it had four tusks, two on the upper jaw and two on the elongated lower jaw.It could stand upto 10 feet high and weighing 4 - 5 tonnes.




補充內容 (2018-8-30 10:52):
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自然传奇 史前公园 2

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Asian Elephant
It is the second largest land animal alive today. Asian Elephants have a height of 8 - 10 feet and weighing 3 - 5.5 tonnes. Some large bulls weigh upto 6 tonnes or more.The largest specimen stood over 10 ft and weighed 8 tonnes.

It is slightly smaller than African Elephant.


Arsinoitherium
This animal looks like a rhino, behaves like a hippopotamus but related to the elephant.
It is a large rhinoceros-like mammal weighing upto 3 tonnes.

Fossils have been found in Ethiopia,Africa.


Borneo Pygmy Elephant is the smallest Elephant sub-species alive today.It could stand upto 8.2 feet and weighs 2.5 tonnes or more .It is smaller than other Asian elephants.

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Horse species size comparison _ Present and extinct

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Embolotherium Ergilense
It was massively build as well as looking like Rhinoceros. Weighing up to 5 tonnes,it was one of the large terrestrial mammal.Perhaps it is the largest Brontothere.  


Hippopotamus Gorgops
It is one of the largest Hippopotamus that ever lived.It could stand tall as much as an average human and weighing 3  tonnes. The different thing about this Hippo is that its eyes which rose significantly higher from the top of the skull, making even easier to see its surroundings while the rest of the body was submerged.


Urtinotherium
Urtinotherium is one of the largest land mammals. It is a mid-sized Indricothere.

補充內容 (2018-8-29 12:53):
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LIFE AFTER DINOSAURS Discovery Animals Dinosaur full documentary

補充內容 (2018-8-30 06:30):
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LIFE AFTER DINOSAURS Discovery Animals Dinosaur full documentary - youtube(english subtitle)

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Stephanorhinus
Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis or also known as the Merck's rhinoceros is a large Rhino weighing 3 tonnes.It was slightly larger than the extant White Rhinoceros.


Ngandong Tiger
The Ngandong tiger is the largest subspecies of Panthera tigris which weighed upto 350 kg or more. It was very robust and probably looked like a giant version of Javan tiger.


Iranotherium
Iranotherium was a large elasmothere rhinoceros.It is about the size of a large extant white rhinoceros.

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Southern Mammoth
The southern mammoth was among the largest mammoth and one of the largest proboscideans.It was the ancestor of the mighty steppe mammoth. The southern mammoth stood about 4m (13 ft) and weighed about 11 tonnes. It's tusks were twisted and robust.

Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia.


Stegodon Ganesha
In the past, Stegodonts were believed to be the ancestors of the true Elephants and Mammoths, but it is currently believed that they have no modern descendants.

Fossils of Stegodon Ganesha have been found in India.


Zygolophodon
Zygolophodon is a monstrous mastodon which is 3 times heavier than the extant African Elephant. It weighed about 14 - 18 tonnes which makes it either slightly heavier or rival the largest individuals of paraceratherium. Zygolophodon is the king of tuskers. It had the longest tusks of any proboscidean measuring upto 16 feet ! The Columbian mammoth also had tusks upto 16 feet but it's tusks were curved.

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Rhino & extinct species size comparison

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Syrian Elephant
The Syrian elephant is a proposed name for the westernmost population of the asian elephant , which became extinct in ancient times. Syrian elephants were among the largest Asian elephant subspecies to have survived into historic times, measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft 6 in) or more at the shoulder and weighed about 7 - 8 tonnes. Skeletal remains show it did not differ much from the Indian subspecies, except in size.

Ancient Syrian craftsmen used the tusks of E. m. asurus to make ivory carvings. In Syria, the production of ivory items was at its maximum during the first millennium BC, when the Arameans made splendid ivory inlay for furniture. This over-hunting of Syrian elephants for ivory ultimately resulted in their extinction by around 100 BC.

"Syrian" elephants are frequently mentioned in Hellenistic history; the Seleucid kings, who maintained numerous war elephants, reigned in Syria during that period. These elephants are believed to be Indian elephants (E. m. indicus), which had been acquired by the Seleucid kings during their eastern expansions. It is attested by ancient sources such as Strabo and Polybius that Seleucid kings Seleucus I Nicator and Antiochus III the Great had large numbers of imported Indian elephants. Whether these "Indian elephants" were imported due to scarcity of native Syrian elephants or due to their accomplished training and domestication as war elephants remains unclear.

Hannibal had a war elephant known as "Surus"; it has been suggested to mean "the Syrian". It was said by Cato to have been his best (and biggest) elephant. In that case, the elephant may have been of Seleucid stock. If it were in fact of native Syrian stock, or an imported Indian elephant, remains subject to speculation. (The usual Carthaginian war elephants, despite popular depictions, were the smaller North African elephants [Loxodonta africana pharaoensis], an African bush elephant population or subspecies also now extinct.)

Fossils have been found in the Middle East (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) from periods dating between 3 million years BC and 100 years BC.

(In the image,the Syrian elephant is compared with the Asian Elephant which has a height of 8 - 10 feet and weighing 3 - 5.5 tonnes.

Among the proboscideans, only the Asian elephants have more broader skulls compared to their bodies. The modern Asian elephant skull is not much bigger than the African elephant skull because the Asian elephant is not as tall as the African elephant. But the Syrian elephant on the other hand is not only slightly bigger but also taller than the modern African elephant, so the result is an Asian subspecies with a massive skull. The weird thing is, the skull of the Syrian elephant is comparable to the size of a large steppe mammoth skull despite having a shorter body.

It's a shame that the magnificent Syrian elephants were hunted for ivory.  )


Prodeinotherium
It was an early species of Deinothere. Standing at 9 feet and weighing upto 4 tonnes.


Palaeoloxodon Recki
Palaeoloxodon Recki is related to the Asian elephant and it is among the largest proboscideans. It could stand 14 - 15 feet tall and weighed 12 - 14 tonnes.

Fossils have been found in Africa.



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Top 10 Most dangerous Cenozoic animals

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Dzungariotherium Orgosense
Dzungariotherium Orgosense is one of the largest indricotheres and among the largest land mammals to have existed.

Fossils have been found in China.


Deinotherium Giganteum
Deinotherium Giganteum is one of the largest Proboscideans.It could stand about 4m(13 ft) tall and weighed about 10 - 12 tonnes.It was among the largest land mammals.

Fossils have been found in Germany.


Platybelodon
Platybelodon was a genus of large herbivorous mammal related to the elephant. Due to the shape of the two lower teeth, in common with many gomphothere genera (such as Platybelodon, Archaeobelodon, Konobelodon, and Amebelodon), they are popularly known as "shovel tuskers." Platybelodon was about 8 feet tall and weighed about 3 - 4 tonnes.

Platybelodon was previously believed to have fed in the swampy areas of grassy savannas, using its teeth to shovel up aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation. However, wear patterns on the teeth suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Fossils have been found in North America, eastern Europe, Africa, and northwestern China.


補充內容 (2018-8-31 07:25):
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《自然密码》巨兽的国度 [高清版]

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Columbian Mammoth
It was one of the largest Mammoth which stood about12 - 14 feet high and weighed 9 - 12.5 tonnes. It's spiraled tusks which measured up to 16 feet is the longest tusk known of any Mammoth.


Dire Wolf
The Dire Wolf is one of the largest canine that ever lived.It is about the size of the extant gray wolf, but with a heavier build. It could average 5 ft in length or more and weighed 50 - 80 kg.


Steppe Mammoth
Perhaps it is the largest species of Mammoth and one of the largest Proboscideans.The massive Steppe Mammoth stood upto 15 feet tall and weighed about 12 - 14 tonnes.It is the ancestor of the Woolly Mammoth and among the largest land mammals that ever lived.

Fossils have been found in Europe.

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Marsupials size comparison _ Marsupial mammal species

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Largest Land Mammal Ever


Paraceratherium Transouralicum
(High estimate of Paraceratherium compared to average African Elephant.)

Paraceratherium was among the largest land mammals along with some Proboscideans.It is the tallest land mammal and weighs about 11 - 13 tonnes.Some large individuals could weigh upto 17 tonnes.


Diprotodon is the largest known marsupial ever to have lived.The largest specimens were hippopotamus-sized, about 3 m (9.8 ft) long, standing 2 m (6.6 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 2.7 tonnes.

Fossils have been found in Australia.



補充內容 (2018-7-22 22:41):
Largest Land Mammal Ever原圖(放大圖片)

補充內容 (2018-7-22 22:42):
Paraceratherium Transouralicum原圖(放大圖片)

補充內容 (2018-8-29 11:15):
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《自然密码Natural password》剑齿虎与长毛象 Saber-toothed tiger and woolly mammoth