法律「平等、公正和正義」Law: Equality, Fairness, Justice

white小白

法律                                        
維基百科，自由的百科全書

法律是一系列的規則，通常需要經由一套制度來落實。[1]法律以各種方式影響著每個人的日常生活與整個社會。契約法規定了從買車票到在衍生品市場上買賣利率交換選擇權等各種事物的規則。物權法定義了買賣和租賃如房子和建築物等不動產之類的權利與義務。信託法應用在如退休基金等投資的規定上。侵權行為法允許某人可以在其財產受到傷害時要求賠償。且若此一傷害在刑法中是犯罪的話， 刑法也會有起訴的方法，並對犯罪者加以處罰。憲法提供了一個創造法律、保障人權以及選舉的架構；而行政法則允許一般市民去質疑政府施政的作為。國際法規範了國家間從貿易到環境，乃至於軍事行動等各項事件。「法治」古希臘哲學家亞里斯多德於西元前350年寫道。「比任何一個人的統治來得更好。」[2]
在不同的地方，法律體系會以不同的方式來闡述人們的法律權利與義務。一種較一般的區分為大陸法系和英美法系兩種。而有些國家則會以他們的宗教法條為其法律的基礎。學者們從許多不同的角度來研究自然法，包括從法制史和哲學，或從如經濟學與社會學等社會科學的方面來探討。法律的研究來自於對為何平等、公正和正義等問題的訊問，這並不都總是簡單的。「在其崇高的平等之下，」作家阿納托爾·法郎士於1894年說。「法律同時禁止富人和窮人睡在橋下、在街上乞討和偷一塊麵包。」[3]落實法律最重要的制度有司法、立法、行政和其官僚、軍事和警力、法律職業以及公民社會等。
目錄 [隱藏]

• 1 法律課題
  • 1.1 國際法
  • 1.2 憲法與行政法
  • 1.3 刑法
  • 1.4 契約
  • 1.5 侵權行為法
  • 1.6 物權法
  • 1.7 信託法與衡平法
  • 1.8 其他方面
• 2 法律體系
  • 2.1 歐陸法系
  • 2.2 英美法系與衡平法
  • 2.3 宗教法
  • 2.4 司法權
• 3 法理
  • 3.1 法律史
  • 3.2 法哲學
  • 3.3 法律的經濟分析
  • 3.4 法律社會學
• 4 法律制度
  • 4.1 司法
  • 4.2 立法
  • 4.3 行政
  • 4.4 軍隊和警力
  • 4.5 官僚
  • 4.6 法律專業
  • 4.7 公民社會
• 5 另見
• 6 註釋
• 7 參考文獻
  • 7.1 書籍文獻
  • 7.2 線上文獻
• 8 延伸閱讀
• 9 外部連結

http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index. ... %8B&variant=zh-hant


Law                                        
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Law[4] is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions.[5] It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator in relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, while tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's rights or property are harmed. If the harm is criminalised in penal code, criminal law offers means by which the state can prosecute the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies, while international law governs affairs between sovereign nation states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action. Writing in 350 BC, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."[6]
Legal systems elaborate rights and responsibilities in a variety of ways. A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions, which codify their laws, and common law systems, where judge made law is not consolidated. In some countries, religion still informs the law. Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry, such as legal history and philosophy, or social scientific perspectives such as economic analysis of law or the sociology of law. The study of law raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, liberty and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."[7] In a typical democracy, the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive.Toimplement and enforce the law and provide services to the public,agovernment's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. Whileallthese organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law,anindependent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress.

Contents

• 1 Legal subjects
  • 1.1 International law
  • 1.2 Constitutional and administrative law
  • 1.3 Criminal law
  • 1.4 Contract law
  • 1.5 Tort law
  • 1.6 Property law
  • 1.7 Equity and trusts
  • 1.8 Further disciplines
• 2 Legal systems
  • 2.1 Civil law
  • 2.2 Common law and equity
  • 2.3 Religious law
• 3 Legal theory
  • 3.1 History of law
  • 3.2 Philosophy of law
  • 3.3 Economic analysis of law
  • 3.4 Sociology of law
• 4 Legal institutions
  • 4.1 Judiciary
  • 4.2 Legislature
  • 4.3 Executive
  • 4.4 Military and police
  • 4.5 Bureaucracy
  • 4.6 Legal profession
  • 4.7 Civil society
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
  • 7.1 Printed sources
  • 7.2 Online sources
• 8 External links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law

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[ 本帖最後由 white小白 於 2009-6-6 10:35 編輯 ]